Every minute around the world :
380 women become pregnant,
190 women face unplanned or unwanted pregnancies,
110 women experience pregnancy related complications,
40 women have unsafe abortions,
and 1 woman dies (World Health Organization)
When I first read this on the WHO website, I felt sad but like all facts and figures that enter and leave my brain, its impact was minimal. Too far away, too abstract, too unbelievable, too impersonal to affect me other than on a superficial level. " Oh thats awful" I probably thought and then moved on to better thoughts like probably what I was going to eat for supper later or when I might be able to fit a walk with my dog in.Shallow but the truth.
Now I am living this quote. Why? Im not too sure anymore. Bihar is a living example of all the stats and figures that demonstrate how we collectively have a long way to go for making maternity care safer for the majority of women on earth. Why shouldnt safe quality maternity care be a reality for all women on earth?
The hospital has had 3 maternal deaths in the last 6 days, none of which I saw as I was away. But the American midwives witnessed all, 2 happened in one day. The first from a postpartum hemorrhage at home, managed by medication from a local pharmacy that did not work. She came in practically dead and there was no chance at saving her. The second came in in labor with a hemoglobin of 3! and platelets of 20! Her blood pressure was 170/110 and her breathing rate was 70. Her baby died and after her still birth, she bled a little and went into cardiac arrest, died shortly after. Third was a uterine rupture from a women who labored at home with oxytocin intramuscular injection and a history of classical Csection scar. Came in with internal bleeding and died.
These women' s lives are now over.Passed away in a room full of strangers, their families no where in sight. The collection of memories and stories that made up their lives are unknown to those present at their deaths. There is no love. These women were mothers, sisters and daughters.They had children at home. Dreams and thoughts lost forever. Lives cut short in unforgivable circumstances. Circumstances which illustrate how complex life is here. Lack of education, poverty, remoteness, cultural beliefs all contribute but there are so many other layers.
This is a war zone and no one is paying attention. It might not be guns killing innocent lives but it is the economic, political and social structure of the society in which these women live which kills them and their babies on a daily basis.
Possibly one of these women couple have lived with a quick blood transfusion. The problem here at Duncan is the lack of readily available blood for transfusion. There is a blood bank but they will not release blood to a patient until the family or friends donate an equal amount. It does not have to be the same blood type, just any type so they can keep blood stocked. It is often a hassle to get families to donate blood. They seem to disappear after the request is made. Despite the medical staff' s explanations as to why the blood is needed, even emphasizing that it is a life and death situation does not always guarantee the blood donation. People are afraid to give blood for fear of being too weak to work the next day or sick from it. Sometimes nurses give blood to help out. Often it is too late to save a life.
Why am I living this quote? What am I giving and what am I receiving? How is change possible here? I do not see anything here that makes me hope that change is possible.
I am only left with a deep sense of injustice for these women. All of them, the mothers and their children. And the doctors and the nurses living this nightmare. They are the people who fight a losing battle everyday.
Leah
Wednesday, June 30, 2010
Monday, June 28, 2010
Last night in Varanasi
Allo!
Yesterday I hung out with Raphaelle in the afternoon before she left for Delhi to leave for France. We hung out at a cafe and in a market.
In the evening I went on the rooftop to read. Many kites were flying from other rooftops. I saw kids playing in water, running around naked. Some kids playing cricket. When I look at the city I don't see where the buildings end. I'm not sure what the population is. the mall we went to to see a movie looks close (it took us 30 minutes to get there because of construction). I see the Ganga river, on the other side of it there are no houses, no one lives there. I'm not sure why. Even though our hotel is away from major traffic, I still hear constant honking.
When I look back at my time at the hospital, I am frustrated by what I have seen. First off, if I would be a doctor I'm sure I would have had an easier time. My advice would have been listened to. I would have had an better impact on the women. sigh...
I wish for so many things to change.
One thing I have learned is that I can be assertive, give orders and take charge. Little sweet Lyly Bean can be bossy! Which my preceptors have told me over and over again to be more. :D
Off to Delhi today
Yesterday I hung out with Raphaelle in the afternoon before she left for Delhi to leave for France. We hung out at a cafe and in a market.
In the evening I went on the rooftop to read. Many kites were flying from other rooftops. I saw kids playing in water, running around naked. Some kids playing cricket. When I look at the city I don't see where the buildings end. I'm not sure what the population is. the mall we went to to see a movie looks close (it took us 30 minutes to get there because of construction). I see the Ganga river, on the other side of it there are no houses, no one lives there. I'm not sure why. Even though our hotel is away from major traffic, I still hear constant honking.
When I look back at my time at the hospital, I am frustrated by what I have seen. First off, if I would be a doctor I'm sure I would have had an easier time. My advice would have been listened to. I would have had an better impact on the women. sigh...
I wish for so many things to change.
One thing I have learned is that I can be assertive, give orders and take charge. Little sweet Lyly Bean can be bossy! Which my preceptors have told me over and over again to be more. :D
Off to Delhi today
Sunday, June 27, 2010
Bonjour!
My trip is nearing its end. It's sad. I am both happy and sad to leave. Canada a land of space, air, green and quiet. India a land of adventure, crazy smells, wonderful tastes. Leah and Filip left this morning, Leah to go back to Raxaul and Filip to go home :(
Here is a bit more on what we have been up to these last days:
on saturday morning we left on auto richshaw to go to Sarnath to visit temples, some buddist, japanese, chinese temples, etc and then a silk shop. Where again I bought 2 more scarves. Oh boy! no more for me. The rickshaw driver's name was Bully. He's a funny man. Unfortunataly, my camera's battery went caput on this trip.
Later we went to a restaurant where we met Raphaelle, a tourist from France. We invited her to come to the ganga on a boat with us in the evening. On that boat ride at dusk, some men were dressed in bright orange and did a ceremony, called Gang aarit, which is an offering of light to the river. these men had incense in their hands, then different other things on fire. The men were all synchronized with their movements while music was playing. It was something to see. They supposedly do this every night. Many people were around. There was a boat traffic jam. Some men were walking from boat to boat, trying to sell little things.
After that Raphaelle brought us to a place where we ate DOSAS! and coconut utthapams for cheap (south indian food).
The next day we took it easy. We were planning on going to the movies, so we went to a mall here by cycle rickshaw. When we get there and finally find a ticket booth, we find out the movie (karate kid) only plays in Hindi. So we head back to the hotel and have beer on the roof and watch the sunset. Raphaelle came to bring us to a restaurant where they serve Mediterranean food, which was great.
Today I'm taking it easy, getting myself ready to leave India. Having my last chai and last mango.
Here is a bit more on what we have been up to these last days:
on saturday morning we left on auto richshaw to go to Sarnath to visit temples, some buddist, japanese, chinese temples, etc and then a silk shop. Where again I bought 2 more scarves. Oh boy! no more for me. The rickshaw driver's name was Bully. He's a funny man. Unfortunataly, my camera's battery went caput on this trip.
Later we went to a restaurant where we met Raphaelle, a tourist from France. We invited her to come to the ganga on a boat with us in the evening. On that boat ride at dusk, some men were dressed in bright orange and did a ceremony, called Gang aarit, which is an offering of light to the river. these men had incense in their hands, then different other things on fire. The men were all synchronized with their movements while music was playing. It was something to see. They supposedly do this every night. Many people were around. There was a boat traffic jam. Some men were walking from boat to boat, trying to sell little things.
After that Raphaelle brought us to a place where we ate DOSAS! and coconut utthapams for cheap (south indian food).
The next day we took it easy. We were planning on going to the movies, so we went to a mall here by cycle rickshaw. When we get there and finally find a ticket booth, we find out the movie (karate kid) only plays in Hindi. So we head back to the hotel and have beer on the roof and watch the sunset. Raphaelle came to bring us to a restaurant where they serve Mediterranean food, which was great.
Today I'm taking it easy, getting myself ready to leave India. Having my last chai and last mango.
floating dreams
Varanasi is magic. Energy winding down narrow stone alleys, all the way down to the ganges river where one can find the holiest Hindu area in India. For hundreds of years, hundreds of thousands of people have been sent off to the afterworld on the banks of this sacred river. And contrary to what one might think, this place where the dead are mourned and let go is as alive as can be.
Took a boat at dawn and floated down the river lazily, half asleep and in a contemplative mood. Passed the ghats, one by one, stone structures,dilapitated, majestic and keeper of secrets. Passed steet dogs wandering the shores, looking for some breakfast. Garbage is on the menu, free and plentiful! Passed groups of men in their multicolored wrap around speedos, readying themselves for a swim. Cleaning themselves, bathing in the river. Brushing their teeth with the holy water. Jokes and canon balls into the ganges. Passed people working on their boats, and weathered fishermen and other wood row boats with tourists floating along. Passed elderly Sadus on a morning walk. Passed yoga practitioners on the banks in deep reflection.
Passed the small burning ghat. The big piles of wood and the heat and the fire and the smoky air and the surrounding groups of men circling their loved one, silent and protective, assuring a right passage for their dead loved one. Silent and heavy and yet light. Completing the rituals carefully. The importance of which can not be described or understood but only felt by us, sitting in the little boat. A feeling of sacredness and timelessness and heavyness and lightness. Of balance.
Passed the smaller burning ghat is the main area for ceremonies and the nightly rituals, held at sunset. At 6 in the morning, this is a place of communion with the river. Families gather to bath together. Women in their saris slowly merge with the water, chatting amongst themselves. Naked children laugh easily and play. They run around teasing goats and each other, playing in the muddy banks. So many people, early risers. Celebrating life together. Offering their prayers together, enjoying simple peasures.
Such life.
Hinduism is a kaleidoscpe of caracters. O the drama! Reflective of India's all around organised chaos. One needs a lifetime to get these stories straight. Temples on the ganga banks are for specific gods. There is hanuman temple, the monkey god for eample. Durga temple, Shiva temple etc... Ways to worship are many. One of these is puja, which is to offer something in thanks to a sacred statue or tree or in this case, a river. Flaoting boats made from banana leaves in which fragrant flowers and a small candle to be lit and offered to the river are sold for 5 ruppess. Floating one of these boats at dawn is good karma. My boat immediatly capsized and swallowed by the river while my friends prayers happily floated away. Maybee the ganga wants a bigger sacrifice from me, one I have yet to figure out.
This is a place where life and death are perfetly balanced. Where both have equal importance and are unified in the fabric. A fabric so tight, impossible to unravel for someone like me, a foreigner. But a fabric that can be admired and appreciated. I take a small piece to carry with me as I leave.
Leah
Took a boat at dawn and floated down the river lazily, half asleep and in a contemplative mood. Passed the ghats, one by one, stone structures,dilapitated, majestic and keeper of secrets. Passed steet dogs wandering the shores, looking for some breakfast. Garbage is on the menu, free and plentiful! Passed groups of men in their multicolored wrap around speedos, readying themselves for a swim. Cleaning themselves, bathing in the river. Brushing their teeth with the holy water. Jokes and canon balls into the ganges. Passed people working on their boats, and weathered fishermen and other wood row boats with tourists floating along. Passed elderly Sadus on a morning walk. Passed yoga practitioners on the banks in deep reflection.
Passed the small burning ghat. The big piles of wood and the heat and the fire and the smoky air and the surrounding groups of men circling their loved one, silent and protective, assuring a right passage for their dead loved one. Silent and heavy and yet light. Completing the rituals carefully. The importance of which can not be described or understood but only felt by us, sitting in the little boat. A feeling of sacredness and timelessness and heavyness and lightness. Of balance.
Passed the smaller burning ghat is the main area for ceremonies and the nightly rituals, held at sunset. At 6 in the morning, this is a place of communion with the river. Families gather to bath together. Women in their saris slowly merge with the water, chatting amongst themselves. Naked children laugh easily and play. They run around teasing goats and each other, playing in the muddy banks. So many people, early risers. Celebrating life together. Offering their prayers together, enjoying simple peasures.
Such life.
Hinduism is a kaleidoscpe of caracters. O the drama! Reflective of India's all around organised chaos. One needs a lifetime to get these stories straight. Temples on the ganga banks are for specific gods. There is hanuman temple, the monkey god for eample. Durga temple, Shiva temple etc... Ways to worship are many. One of these is puja, which is to offer something in thanks to a sacred statue or tree or in this case, a river. Flaoting boats made from banana leaves in which fragrant flowers and a small candle to be lit and offered to the river are sold for 5 ruppess. Floating one of these boats at dawn is good karma. My boat immediatly capsized and swallowed by the river while my friends prayers happily floated away. Maybee the ganga wants a bigger sacrifice from me, one I have yet to figure out.
This is a place where life and death are perfetly balanced. Where both have equal importance and are unified in the fabric. A fabric so tight, impossible to unravel for someone like me, a foreigner. But a fabric that can be admired and appreciated. I take a small piece to carry with me as I leave.
Leah
Friday, June 25, 2010
Bonne fete Leah!
Namaste! Salaam!
It's Leah's birthday today. I wonder if we can get birthday cake for her somewhere. She wanted one cool beer and coffee today. SO far she has only had her french pressed coffee.
We woke up early today to see the sunrise. We arrived at the river and took a boat. before we got on the boat, 2 little boys were harassing us to buy these petal filled bowls with a candle. I am quite determined to get these people out of my way out of my way, but Leah, little softie, decided to buy 3. One for each. When we were on the boat we tried to light the matches but the wind wouldn't let us. Finally the man that was rowing the boat lighted them. One bowl totally flipped over in the water. However I think we have some good pictures. The man didn't explain much. We saw lots of tourists in other boats. Some other boats were merchants trying to sell things to us. We saw a few fish or turtle ... or corpses jump out of the water. Too fast for us to see. In the morning I was happy to see more women in the river bathing. All were in saris. Though most are men. They fish, shave, bathe, meditate pray, do laundry, swim and play in this water. Supposedly, raw sewers flow in the Ganga, I didn't want to touch the water. But Leah and Filip did and said it was cleaner than they would have thought and warm.
When we left the Ganga, donkeys were getting in my way and so I had to look up and not at my feet, trying to avoid stepping in dung. Dung is everywhere near the Ganga. Vanessa and I consider dung only digested grass, but I saw today a cow chewing on a garbage bag and pigs laying (like it was a spa) in garbage juice. Oh and a chicken eating styrofoam!! BAH HA! gotta love it.
After a too short nap, we toured 3 hindu temples; the monkey temple, one that is lucky for married couples and one made of marble that had moving status of their Devas.
We then went to a silk merchant, in the muslim neighbourhood. He served us chai (yummy) and showed us many many scarves, bed covers and saris. I bought 2. Unfortuntaly we later found out that his prices were way too high. Filip and I bought one for Leah. :D
As we were walking later to find a specific store for Filip (cosmetic store actually, to buy for his mama) we ran into a man that invited us into his silk shop. The prices for the saris were HALF of what was offered by the other man. And oh boy! I bought quite a bit... Oops! One Sari, one bed cover (originally I thought I was buying for mom and dad, but the bed cover I found is too beautiful and I will keep it for myself when i buy a house :P ) and another scarf.
We later found the store Filip wanted to buy at and then a cafe where we stopped for lunch.
Now were are resting.
To add a few things I missed yesterday about the cremation ceremony. After the body is burnt, they take the hip bone from a woman or the sternum from a man (because they are considered the strongest in the body) and are put in the river for the fish and turtle to eat. They then later celebrate the person's life.
The 6th person that doesn't get burnt is a holy man to the Hindus (I forget what they call them).
It's already getting dark and not yet 7pm. And it rained a bit today, but it was still super hot, everytime we arrive at the hotel, we shower.
xoxox
Ly
It's Leah's birthday today. I wonder if we can get birthday cake for her somewhere. She wanted one cool beer and coffee today. SO far she has only had her french pressed coffee.
We woke up early today to see the sunrise. We arrived at the river and took a boat. before we got on the boat, 2 little boys were harassing us to buy these petal filled bowls with a candle. I am quite determined to get these people out of my way out of my way, but Leah, little softie, decided to buy 3. One for each. When we were on the boat we tried to light the matches but the wind wouldn't let us. Finally the man that was rowing the boat lighted them. One bowl totally flipped over in the water. However I think we have some good pictures. The man didn't explain much. We saw lots of tourists in other boats. Some other boats were merchants trying to sell things to us. We saw a few fish or turtle ... or corpses jump out of the water. Too fast for us to see. In the morning I was happy to see more women in the river bathing. All were in saris. Though most are men. They fish, shave, bathe, meditate pray, do laundry, swim and play in this water. Supposedly, raw sewers flow in the Ganga, I didn't want to touch the water. But Leah and Filip did and said it was cleaner than they would have thought and warm.
When we left the Ganga, donkeys were getting in my way and so I had to look up and not at my feet, trying to avoid stepping in dung. Dung is everywhere near the Ganga. Vanessa and I consider dung only digested grass, but I saw today a cow chewing on a garbage bag and pigs laying (like it was a spa) in garbage juice. Oh and a chicken eating styrofoam!! BAH HA! gotta love it.
After a too short nap, we toured 3 hindu temples; the monkey temple, one that is lucky for married couples and one made of marble that had moving status of their Devas.
We then went to a silk merchant, in the muslim neighbourhood. He served us chai (yummy) and showed us many many scarves, bed covers and saris. I bought 2. Unfortuntaly we later found out that his prices were way too high. Filip and I bought one for Leah. :D
As we were walking later to find a specific store for Filip (cosmetic store actually, to buy for his mama) we ran into a man that invited us into his silk shop. The prices for the saris were HALF of what was offered by the other man. And oh boy! I bought quite a bit... Oops! One Sari, one bed cover (originally I thought I was buying for mom and dad, but the bed cover I found is too beautiful and I will keep it for myself when i buy a house :P ) and another scarf.
We later found the store Filip wanted to buy at and then a cafe where we stopped for lunch.
Now were are resting.
To add a few things I missed yesterday about the cremation ceremony. After the body is burnt, they take the hip bone from a woman or the sternum from a man (because they are considered the strongest in the body) and are put in the river for the fish and turtle to eat. They then later celebrate the person's life.
The 6th person that doesn't get burnt is a holy man to the Hindus (I forget what they call them).
It's already getting dark and not yet 7pm. And it rained a bit today, but it was still super hot, everytime we arrive at the hotel, we shower.
xoxox
Ly
Thursday, June 24, 2010
Fire, Water, Air, Earth and Soul
Namaste!
We have arrived safe and sound in Varanasi. We left last night from Raxaul and drove to another town. We took a national hwy to get there; the hwy was so bumpy that the max speed we went at was probably 50km. All we did in the train was sleep since it was night time. I woke up a few times wondering where we were. We were supposed to arrive at 6 am but didn't until maybe 10am. And so the room that we had reserved at the hotel was taken. Thankfully, our taxi driver knew of a good place for tourist that was close to both the city centre and the ganga river. This hotel has a restaurant and a roof top and AIR CONDITIONING! I ate aloo mutar (followed vanessa's orders :P )chocolate banana pancake, peanut masala, naan and parathas! you jealous? We then napped for a bit.
A man at the hotel brought us to the Ganga. He was very good at explaining the cremation ceremonies. We observes a few at he was explaining. It is thought by the Hindus that only the ones at are born and die in Varanasi and then cremated by the river get to go to heaven (only 4 other people have been to heaven, a king and his family). The rest re-encarnate. The ganga is very sacred for the Hindus, one can bathe and drink from the river and be purified and forgiven for sins.
The only ones that can't get cremated are children (becasue they are pure), pregnant woman, people with lepracy, people who have died of snake bites or scabies and one more reason (6 total). These people get tied to a stone and sink in the Ganga, except the one that has died from a snake bite, he is tied to a palm tree (if i remember right) and float on the river.
Once someone is dead, they only stay in the home for a few hours. The prepare the body for the funeral. They rub ghee (clarified butter)and sandal wood powder over the body. If the person was unwed they also use tumeric for the preparation. They are then wrapped in cloth. The family walks around town with the body over their heads and chant.
The son of the deceased shaves his head and wears a white cloth for the ceremony. He will light the fire and burn the body (this is also a reason why people want to have baby boys).
Poor families burn their loved ones with electriciy and richer families with wood (wood is expensive here). 600 Rs for electricity and 5 rs per kilo of wood (1600rs).
In the river you see men bathing sometimes naked. We didnt see any woman. At the funeral, women do not come, because if one cries the soul of the deceast cant be liberated.
Once arrived at the river, the relatives cut the cloth over the face of the deceast and each pore water 5x in the person's mouth. Then they walk 5x times around the deceast. Each time represents the 4 elements and the soul. The son then lights the body. It takes 3 hours to burn a body. After about an hour, if the head has not exploded from the heat, the son used a bamboo stick to break it open. The soul is thought to be released from the body by the mouth.
At least this is what I understood and remember. Tomorrow we are waking up early to ride on a boat on the Ganga at sunrise (5:20am).
When left the Ganga, a man pushed me to the side because it looked like a buffalo was going to walk right into me. A bit scary. They are all over. Pigs, goats, dogs, cows as well.
Later, we went to a small concert where they play traditional indian music with flute, guitar and drums. The men were so skilled. The music was beautiful.
Varanasi is known for its silk and saris. Can't wait to go shopping. The men that own the hotel are offering us good deals for tours and such. The switch of hotels was a good one.
Gotta go eat a thali
:D
Lyly
We have arrived safe and sound in Varanasi. We left last night from Raxaul and drove to another town. We took a national hwy to get there; the hwy was so bumpy that the max speed we went at was probably 50km. All we did in the train was sleep since it was night time. I woke up a few times wondering where we were. We were supposed to arrive at 6 am but didn't until maybe 10am. And so the room that we had reserved at the hotel was taken. Thankfully, our taxi driver knew of a good place for tourist that was close to both the city centre and the ganga river. This hotel has a restaurant and a roof top and AIR CONDITIONING! I ate aloo mutar (followed vanessa's orders :P )chocolate banana pancake, peanut masala, naan and parathas! you jealous? We then napped for a bit.
A man at the hotel brought us to the Ganga. He was very good at explaining the cremation ceremonies. We observes a few at he was explaining. It is thought by the Hindus that only the ones at are born and die in Varanasi and then cremated by the river get to go to heaven (only 4 other people have been to heaven, a king and his family). The rest re-encarnate. The ganga is very sacred for the Hindus, one can bathe and drink from the river and be purified and forgiven for sins.
The only ones that can't get cremated are children (becasue they are pure), pregnant woman, people with lepracy, people who have died of snake bites or scabies and one more reason (6 total). These people get tied to a stone and sink in the Ganga, except the one that has died from a snake bite, he is tied to a palm tree (if i remember right) and float on the river.
Once someone is dead, they only stay in the home for a few hours. The prepare the body for the funeral. They rub ghee (clarified butter)and sandal wood powder over the body. If the person was unwed they also use tumeric for the preparation. They are then wrapped in cloth. The family walks around town with the body over their heads and chant.
The son of the deceased shaves his head and wears a white cloth for the ceremony. He will light the fire and burn the body (this is also a reason why people want to have baby boys).
Poor families burn their loved ones with electriciy and richer families with wood (wood is expensive here). 600 Rs for electricity and 5 rs per kilo of wood (1600rs).
In the river you see men bathing sometimes naked. We didnt see any woman. At the funeral, women do not come, because if one cries the soul of the deceast cant be liberated.
Once arrived at the river, the relatives cut the cloth over the face of the deceast and each pore water 5x in the person's mouth. Then they walk 5x times around the deceast. Each time represents the 4 elements and the soul. The son then lights the body. It takes 3 hours to burn a body. After about an hour, if the head has not exploded from the heat, the son used a bamboo stick to break it open. The soul is thought to be released from the body by the mouth.
At least this is what I understood and remember. Tomorrow we are waking up early to ride on a boat on the Ganga at sunrise (5:20am).
When left the Ganga, a man pushed me to the side because it looked like a buffalo was going to walk right into me. A bit scary. They are all over. Pigs, goats, dogs, cows as well.
Later, we went to a small concert where they play traditional indian music with flute, guitar and drums. The men were so skilled. The music was beautiful.
Varanasi is known for its silk and saris. Can't wait to go shopping. The men that own the hotel are offering us good deals for tours and such. The switch of hotels was a good one.
Gotta go eat a thali
:D
Lyly
Wednesday, June 23, 2010
On my way out
Hi everyone,
Today I am cleaning and packing all my clothes to be off to Varanasi! I cleaned off my flip flops. Man they were DIRTY!!
No babies today! Off call til August!
Will do my best to blog in Varanasi!
ps: the rain started 3 seconds ago. It's pouring! Gotta leave before the snakes start swimming in the hospital when it floods :P
:D
Ly
Today I am cleaning and packing all my clothes to be off to Varanasi! I cleaned off my flip flops. Man they were DIRTY!!
No babies today! Off call til August!
Will do my best to blog in Varanasi!
ps: the rain started 3 seconds ago. It's pouring! Gotta leave before the snakes start swimming in the hospital when it floods :P
:D
Ly
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